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Ingredients
Pepsin (E1101) is mashbooh — doubtful and likely haram without halal certification. It is predominantly sourced from pig stomachs (porcine pepsin). Bovine pepsin from halal-slaughtered cattle is permissible but requires documentation. JAKIM, MUI, and IFANCA require source confirmation before certifying products containing pepsin.
Ingredients
Many popular vitamins and supplements contain hidden haram ingredients — from porcine gelatin capsules to carmine colouring and lanolin-derived D3. This guide breaks down exactly what to look for on the label, which certifications to trust, and which halal-certified brands are worth buying in 2026.
Ingredients
Editorial note: Market figures cited in this article are estimates based on publicly available industry reports and may vary by source. HalalExpo.com aims to present the most current data available but readers should verify figures for business decisions. Sources include the State of the Global Islamic Economy Report, DinarStandard, and national halal authority publications.
Shellac (E904) is haram according to JAKIM, MUI, and the majority of Islamic scholars. It is a resin secreted by the female lac bug (Kerria lacca), an insect. Insects are not permitted in Islamic law (with the exception of locusts), and the lac bug falls outside any scholarly exception. Shellac is used as a glazing agent on confectionery, fresh fruit, and pharmaceutical pills. Muslim consumers should check for E904 on candy, chocolate confections, and coated tablets. Some scholars permit it as a trace external coating (minority view), but the dominant regulatory position across halal certification bodies is haram.
Shellac is a natural resin that forms the basis of one of the world's oldest commercial coatings. It has been used for centuries in India and Southeast Asia for lacquering furniture, sealing wax, and insulation — and since the early 20th century as a food-grade glazing agent.
As a food additive, shellac is assigned the code E904 in the EU system. In North America, it may be listed as:
Shellac provides a high-gloss, moisture-resistant coating that extends shelf life and improves appearance. It is widely used in:
Shellac is produced from the resinous secretion of the female lac bug (Kerria lacca, formerly Laccifer lacca), a scale insect. The production process:
The key halal concern: the raw sticklac contains insect bodies and insect eggs. Even the refined shellac is not entirely free of insect body components — food-grade shellac may retain traces of insect protein and the resin itself is fundamentally an insect secretion. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States has noted that shellac "may contain up to 0.2% insect parts."
Shellac is one of the more actively debated food additives in halal jurisprudence. Two positions exist:
JAKIM (Malaysia), MUI (Indonesia), IFANCA (USA), ESMA (UAE), and most contemporary halal certification bodies classify shellac as haram. The reasoning:
A minority of scholars argue that shellac is permissible on the following grounds:
Counterargument to Position 2: JAKIM explicitly rejects the beeswax analogy. Beeswax is permitted specifically because of the Quranic reference to bees (Surah An-Nahl 16:68-69), which is read as conferring special status on the products of bees. No equivalent Quranic permission exists for lac bugs. The istihalah argument is rejected for the same reason applied to carmine: insect-derived products retain their status as insect-derived regardless of processing.
JAKIM explicitly lists shellac (E904) as haram. It is included in JAKIM's published list of prohibited food additives. No product containing E904 may receive Malaysian halal certification. Fruit coated with shellac in Malaysian supermarkets is required to carry appropriate labelling, and JAKIM-certified food products (including confectionery) must not use shellac as a coating.
MUI's halal fatwa prohibits shellac. It is listed as a prohibited substance (bahan haram) in MUI's halal certification standards. Indonesian halal certification of confectionery and food products requires the absence of E904.
IFANCA classifies shellac as questionable (mashbooh) and strongly recommends avoidance. Their ingredient guidance states: "Shellac is an insect-derived product and should be avoided by Muslim consumers unless confirmed as from an accepted source." In practice, IFANCA-certified products do not contain shellac, effectively treating it as haram for certification purposes.
The UAE and Gulf halal standards prohibit insect-derived food additives, including shellac. Products exported to Gulf markets with halal labelling must not contain E904.
One of the least-known uses of shellac is as a coating on fresh fruit. Apples, oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, pears, and some other fruits sold in supermarkets may be coated with shellac to:
In the EU, coated fresh produce must carry the label "surface treated" or "waxed" and list the coating substance. In practice, labelling compliance on loose produce is inconsistent. In the US, waxed fruit must be labelled but enforcement at retail display level is variable.
Alternatives used by fruit packers include carnauba wax (E903, from palm leaves — halal) and candelilla wax (also plant-derived — halal). Muslim consumers purchasing loose fruit may wish to:
Candy-coated chocolates and sugar confections are a primary food use of shellac. The confectionery glaze that gives products like jelly beans, dragée, and some M&Ms their characteristic hard shine is typically shellac.
Specific product notes:
No, according to JAKIM, MUI, ESMA, and IFANCA. E904 is shellac, derived from lac bugs (insects). Insects are not permitted in Islamic food law. E904 is classified as haram by the major halal certification bodies.
Yes. Shellac is the processed form of lac resin. "Lac" refers to both the raw insect secretion and the raw material; "shellac" refers to the refined resin used commercially. Both derive from the female lac bug (Kerria lacca).
M&Ms formulations vary by country and market. Some markets use carnauba wax; others have used shellac. The only reliable way to confirm is to check the ingredient declaration on the specific product in your market or contact Mars Wrigley. Halal-certified M&Ms are available in some Muslim-majority markets and use carnauba wax coating.
The mainstream halal position treats pharmaceutical shellac as haram for non-essential pills and supplements. For life-saving medications where no alternative formulation is available, Islamic scholars generally permit use under the principle of necessity (darurah). Consult a qualified Islamic scholar for specific pharmaceutical questions.
Yes — this distinction is made by JAKIM and MUI. Beeswax receives permission due to the Quranic reference to bees in Surah An-Nahl. No equivalent Quranic permission exists for lac bugs, so the beeswax exception does not extend to shellac.
For a full reference on halal and haram food additives by E-number, see our Halal Certification for Food Ingredients & Additives guide. To find halal-certified confectionery suppliers, browse the HalalExpo Business Directory.
Isinglass itself is halal — it is derived from fish swim bladders, and fish are halal without requiring slaughter. However, isinglass is most commonly used to clarify beer and wine, which are haram. In non-alcoholic juice and beverages, isinglass is a permissible processing aid. The halal status depends on the drink, not the isinglass.